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Rabindranath Tagore
Rabindranath, one of India's greatest
mystics and world famous poet, was born on 7th April 1861, Bengal 25th Baishakh
1268 in the famous Tagore family of Jorasanko, Calcutta. His father was
Maharshi Devendranath Tagore and his mother was Saradadevi.
Though a zamindar family of those days,
Thakurbari was foremost in the field of education and culture. Along with
studies, the life of the children of this family started with music, acting,
painting, physical training.
But in this large family there were separate
worlds for men, women and children. Especially the younger ones had to live
under strict discipline. They were looked after by family servants. Of course,
parents were watching everywhere.
Rabindranath spent his childhood in the
hands of servants. The beginning of his mental development is watching them. He
passed from childhood to adolescence from among them.
In his later life, he wrote many articles
about those servants who were experts in various subjects, which have become
the wealth of Bengali literature.
He watched their strange lives in Bhrityaraj
with fear mongering, memorization of Panchali from Ramayana Mahabharata and
Dadagiri with endless bloodshot eyes, all with a sincere attitude of gratitude.
There was no way for the child Rabindranath
to deviate from the strict rule of the servants. Rather, in the world of this
rule, he learned to be obedient, to be patient, to adapt to the situation.
Recalling his childhood memories, he wrote,
“We had a servant, his name was Shyam. Dark brown dohara boy, long hair on his
head, his home in Khulna district. He used to make me sit in a certain place in
the room and cut around me with chalk.
He would raise his index finger with a
serious face and say, danger goes outside the boundary. I did not clearly
understand whether the danger was physical or supernatural. But there was great
fear.
I had read in the Ramayana that Sita had
perished after crossing Pandi; For this reason I cannot dismiss Gandhi as a
complete unbeliever. My literary practice started with all the books that were
common among the servants. Among them, the Bengali translation of Chanakya's
verses and Krittivas Ramayana are the main ones."
Thus was nurtured the talent of one who
would later occupy the most valuable seat in world literature.
The boy Rabindranath was first sent to the
Oriental Seminary for his education. Later, although he studied in every
institution like Normal School, Bengal Academy, St. Xavier's School, he could
not complete his schooling.
He couldn't accept anything from the
school's strictures, the behavior of the teachers and the environment. Even in
his mature years he had resentments and complaints about this world.
He learned history, geography, mathematics,
Sanskrit and English from his tutor, though not in formal education. Along with
education, he also got education in music, acting and drawingdo There was
immense interest in his eyes.
His eagerness and effort to know and
understand everything in the world was unceasing. He was a devoted student in
the nature classroom.
This is how he became familiar with the
world and life day by day. His words later enriched Bengali literature in
songs, poems, stories, essays, dramas and novels.
Rabindranath drew the attention of his
father Devendranath by writing two hymns to God in his early childhood.
Encouraged, his poetry practice continued. The influence of Dada
Jyotirindranath and his wife Kadambari • Devi was also considerable in early
life in the pursuit of poetry.
'Gift of Hindu Fair' poem was first
published in the name of Rabindranath Bengali in the month of Magh 1281. A few
years later, at the age of seventeen, Rabindranath was sent to Billet to study
for the barrister. After a year and a half, he returned to the country on the
orders of his father.
Bharti Balak Patrika was published from
Thakurbari in Jorasanko. He used to write regularly in this Mui newspaper. His
first issue published the short story Visharini and the first novel Karuna.
Bhubanmohini Pratibha Rabinath's first prose essay, published in Anasur
magazine. At the age of eighteen, Rabindranath composed poetry, Bhanusingha
Padabili, childhood music and many others.
Rabindranath's acting career came to an end.
After returning from the United States. He made his debut as Madan in the drama
Manami written by Jyotirindranath. A year later he became famous by playing the
role of Valmiki in the play Swarchit Valmiki Pratibha.
1882 A.D. Rabindranath Nirjhar composed the
dream breaking poem. When Sandhya Sangeet was published in the same year, Rachi
blessed the poet by wearing a garland around his neck.
Rabindranath got married to Bhavatarini Devi
at the age of twenty two. After marriage, poet's wife's name was changed to
Mrinalini. In the following year, Rabindranath started the work of looking
after the zamindari on the instructions of his father.
At this time, he had to visit various
regions of the country, especially Shilaidah and Sahajadapur, for material
work. The free and generous approach of the beautiful nature is Kabir. Has
inspired many works.
Devendranath bought Kuribidha land at Bolpur
in Birbhum for the sole purpose of worshiping God. He came and lived here according
to time and opportunity. It is here that Rabindranath Brahmacharya Ashram was established in 1901
AD which is now known as Santiniketan. Later this institution was transformed
into "Visva Bharati University".
In 1905 AD, political unrest started in this
country against the British government's plan to divide Bengal, India's freedom
movement. Rabindranath was also associated with this movement. His songs and
poems inspired the countrymen with a sense of patriotism.
He composed his famous song 'Banglar Mati
Bengalar Jal, Bengalar Vayu Bengalar Fruit, Purna Hauk, Purna Hauk, Purna Hauk
O Lord' on the occasion of the protest movement against the partition of
Bengal.
Rabindranath conducted a procession on 16th
October 1905 AD and introduced "Rakhi" festival.
Although Rabindranath was not actively
involved in politics, he protested against the tyrannical British rule through
writings and speeches. 1919 A.D. Rabindranath renounced the knighthood awarded
by the government in protest against the brutal killings by the British at
Jallianwala Bagh in Punjab.
Rabindranath passed away in 1912 AD. There,
the English artist Rodenstein was impressed by his English translation of
Gitanjali poetry. Through him, he met poet May Sinclair, Ezra Pound, Yeats and
other writers. Meanwhile the English translation of Gitanjali was published by
Offerings London. From London, Rabindranath went to America and spoke at
various meetings get to know the famous people there.
1913 AD Rabindranath returned to the
country. In the same year, Sweden's "Sahitya Parishad" honored Rabindranath with
the Nobel Prize for Gitanjali poetry. No other Indian has won this award for
literary work before. After receiving the Nobel Prize, Rabindranath was awarded
the status of world poet. For Bengal as well as for India, Rabindranath is the
only man of the world.
In 1914 AD Calcutta University awarded
Rabindranath a doctorate and the following year the government conferred the
title of Sir. In the same year, he went on a trip to Japan, China, France,
America etc. Get to know artists like Benedetto Croce, thinker Raman Rolland
etc.
1927 AD Rabindranath went to Far East and
1929 AD to Canada. 1930 A.D. He traveled abroad for the last time and visited
Europe, America, Russia and Persia.
In this year he was invited to give a
lecture on the Religion of Man at the Huppert Lecture at Oxford.
An exhibition of his late-life photographs
titled Priya was shown in Paris and Berlin. Meet the scientist Einstein. The
last time the poet went to Sinhalese was in 1934 AD.
Financial problems plagued Rabindranath for
the school he established at Santiniketan. He used to spend the money collected
from abroad for the development here. Even in his old age, he performed dances
with students across the country to raise money for this organization.
Considering his health at this time, Gandhiji helped him with 60 thousand rupees
in 1966 AD.
The poet was felicitated at the age of
seventy. In the meeting, the poet said, 'I have only one identity, that is
nothing else. I am a poet.' On this occasion, the poet was presented with a
rare book called The Golden Book of Tagore.
1937
AD Rabindranath was invited to address the convocation ceremony of Calcutta
University and spoke in Bengali. The university again awarded him the title of
D-Litt. In 1940, Oxford University awarded the poet a doctorate in a ceremony
at Santiniketan. This is his last honor to the people of the world.
On his last birthday in 1941 AD, he read the
essay Crisis of Civilization. Finally, on August 7, 1941 AD, 'the sun of Magh
went to Uttarayana.'
Rabindranath, the author of numerous novels,
poems, songs, plays, short stories, essays, ballads, plays, letters and films,
had only one turn in his poetic pursuit, that of meeting the infinite with the
limit. He is the only poet whose two songs have been adopted as the national
anthems of India and Bangladesh.
